Reader Response Final

Reader Response Draft #4

In the article “Writing Your Way to Happiness”, Parker-Pope (2015) claims that expressive writing can make one happier. Expressive writing is both physically and mentally beneficial. The writer mentions that writing and rewriting one’s stories “can lead to behavioural changes” and it can help change people’s views of themselves. Studies conducted in America, as mentioned in the article, suggested that students who edited their own narrative about college, as compared to those who did not, turned out to be more successful in their academics. Writing enables people to reconstruct and redefine their problems which enables them to face their problems, leading to a “life course correction”. A “life course correction” refers to a change of lifestyle and change of outlook on life. Writing can help a person recognize what is more important to them.

Parker Pope supports that idea that expressive writing can lead to people becoming happier because expressive writing can be seen as a “life course correction”. The main benefits of writing, like health benefits, enabling people to solve their problems and changing their perception allows them to change their lifestyle, which will make them happier. The health benefits from expressive writing can prolong people’s life, enabling them to spend more quality time with their loved ones. I agree on Parker Pope’s suggestion that expressive writing changes people’s perspective on life and it helps them to face and solve problems.

Expressive writing can provide people with health benefits. It is beneficial especially to those who are suffering from anxiety related sickness like asthma.  Experiments have shown that asthma patients who wrote daily about their experiences got better and this approach prevented their conditions from deteriorating (Miller, 2014). Expressive writing also helps to reduce stress, as shown in research on HIV- related anxiety, “By writing, you put some structure and organization to those anxious feelings. It helps you to get past them” (Murray, 2002). These health benefits can help to improve the patients’ medical conditions, which might increase their comfort in their lives. They would not have to suffer as much as they did in the past and this will probably make them happier. Slowly, their life course may be corrected as their conditions improve. Parker- Pope has also stated that expressive writing can improve mood disorder. The improvement in mood disorder helps to improve the patients’ well- beings and it changes their lifestyle as they are no longer restricted by sickness or disorders. Expressive writing brings about health benefits which improves and corrects people’s life, enabling them to become happier as they are able to enjoy more quality time with their loved ones.

Expressive writing provides the opportunity for people to face their problems. Writing down one’s problems and conflicts enables the person to redefine and reconstruct them. Instead of the endless regurgitating of the problem in a person’s head, writing it down allows them to accurately identify what is going wrong. Also, people may then have sufficient time to stop and think about how the issue has broader implications, which highlights solving the problems to prevent any bad things to happen. People suffer psychologically when they have a problem. The cultivation of a habit of facing problems readily from expressive writing allows one to identify that he or she has made a mistake and to correct it, “to change course and move forward a better person” (Millburn & Nicodemus). Expressive writing helps people to face their long term problems, problems which have been hindering them for a long time. Solving these problems will enable them to live life differently as they are no longer restricted by the problems they were facing. Their life course will be corrected and they will become happier.

Expressive writing changes a person’s perspective in life. Expressive writing allows people to write and re-write their life experiences. This enables people to have a more thorough thinking of the events or experiences. It offers another viewpoint on a certain matter and it makes the cause and effect more obvious, allowing people to identify what they did right or wrong  (Friedman and Silver, 2006). Expressive writing allows people to assess where they are and where they are heading, and it allows people to do the things needed to continue moving towards their goals in life. People will be clear and know that they should not be making the past same mistakes (Millburn & Nicodemus, n.d.).

In my opinion, expressive writing really does help in changing our lifestyle and how people look at life. Writing enables people to get a clearer view of what they are experiencing and it helps them better visualize their situation. This creates more awareness and it provides people with a clearer direction in their life course. We will be able to suffer from lesser worries and problems and we will be happier because of our more positive outlook in life.

In conclusion, expressive writing allows people to be healthier and have a different perspective in life.  Expressive writing makes people more optimistic as they are able to solve their problems and their life is always changing because they “write” who they are. This will definitely change people’s life courses as they will start to have a more positive outlook in life. They will become happier as they will believe that things will turn out well. They will believe that they can solve the problems that have been standing in their way. As stated by Revich, (2010) “Optimism is a key ingredient to happiness.” Therefore, it is recommended for people to start writing their way to happiness as there are so many benefits to it and they will be able to correct their life courses, making them happier people.

References:

Miller, C. (2014). The Mental Health Benefits of Expressive Writing. Medical content reviewed by the Faculty of the Harvard Medical School. Retrieved from http://www.intelihealth.com/article/the-mental-health-benefits-of-expressive-writing?hd=Minding

Friedman, R. H. S & Silver, I. R. C, (2006). Foundations of Health Psychology. Oxford University Press. Pg. 277, 278. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=AX3Gc2C_vGEC&pg=PA279&lpg=PA279&dq=expressive+writing+as+a+life+course+correction&source=bl&ots=shQBHfrYhT&sig=gyEtDrofmQIhYRIzoOiYU1E0HJM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jzjWVP2lIZSsuQTg5oD4Dw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false

Millburn, J. F. & Nicodemus. (n.d.). Course Correction. [Weblog post]. Retrieved from http://www.theminimalists.com/correction/

Murray, B. (2002). Writing to heal. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/monitor/jun02/writing.aspx

Reivich, K. (2010). Optimism: A Key Ingredient to Happiness. Retrieved from http://www.nasponline.org/publications/cq/pdf/v38n7_ft_optimism.pdf

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Problem Essay Final Draft

Essay Draft 4

The increasing use of social media has brought about many problems, one of them being cyberbullying. Singapore is ranked second amongst nations of cyberbullies (Family & Life, 2014). It is reported that one out of four secondary school students has admitted to bullying their friends and one out of five primary school students has been bullied online (Tan, 2014).Through the use of social media, there is an increasing number of cyber bullying cases among youth aged between 8 and 17 in Singapore. This is extremely detrimental to the Singaporean youth’s development due to the psychological effects that are brought about from cyberbullying. While the Media Literacy Council (MLC) and SingTel have both launched cyber wellness programmes to combat cyberbullying among youths in Singapore, this issue has to be solved through a collaboration between them, Touch organization and the Singapore legal system, which is the passing of the anti- harassment law in Singapore.

Cyberbullying includes sending unpleasant photographs and messages by mobile phone or online messaging. Deleting a person’s name from a group or not replying to that person’s messages on social networking sites can (also?) be a form of bullying as it can be seen as ostracization (MLC,2015). It is important to combat cyberbullying as youths who are cyber bullied often suffer mentally. They will face lasting emotional damages like depression, loneliness, unhappiness and poor sleep (Caudle, 2015). These problems could disrupt youths’ daily lives, causing them to grow up to be people who shun   interaction with others, and this might greatly affect their school lives, academics and future career. To make matters worse, the adverse effects from cyberbullying are often not shown explicitly by the victims. For the bullies, the continuous abuse on others could lead to them to become more aggressive and more narcissistic. This might also hinder the development of these perpetrators as they are growing up to becoming people who are not appreciative of others.

One solution that organizations in Singapore have implemented is the use of cyber wellness programmes to educate both youths and their parents about the harmful effects of cyber bullying. MLC has launched a site together with Facebook called the Bullying Prevention Centre (Asiaone, 2015), which offers guidance to the bullies and the bullied. The aim is to ensure that interactions online are relevant and user-friendly for the youths. School students will be able to report suspected cases of bullying online and learn how to differentiate signs of cyber bullying. Also, SingTel has come together with TOUCH to create an application called “notAnoobie”. It allows parents to keep track of their children activities on the internet and to protect their children from online risks. There are also stories of victims from cyber bullying on the website. “NotAnoobie” aims to educate and empower parents with information on what their children are doing. This is important as parents play a huge role in the upbringing of their children.

The two examples mentioned are both cyber wellness programmes organized by the relevant organizations. Cyber wellness programmes are effective in combating cyber bullying as they empower netizens with information that they may not have known previously. The cyber wellness programmes heighten the awareness of people and allow them to identify, prevent and report possible cases of cyberbullying. This is effective as people learn about the consequences of their actions and encourages them to reconsider their actions. People may be able to prevent themselves from getting bullied as they are able to recognize signs of cyberbullying and then stopping it themselves. However, due to the anonymity of the users on social networks, bullies are able to repeatedly post harsh and cruel comments or even cyberbully without being caught if they are not reported. It is difficult for social media platforms to constantly monitor their users and it is difficult to establish a common standard to distinguish between what cyber bullying is and what it is not. The programmes may be effective to some degree, but different bullies have different motivations to cyberbully (Varjas, Talley, Meryers, Parris & Cutts, 2010). The bullies may be motivated by anger or entertainment. They may even do it to enhance their social status in school. Educating netizens on cyber bulling may not be the solution as cyber bullies have different types of motivations. Cyber wellness programmes only help to curb cyberbullying of certain type of motivations.

Another solution is the passing of the anti- harassment law in Singapore by the parliament. The new law aims to protect the people in Singapore from the “social scourge” (Shanmugam, 2014). Harassment in the online sphere like cyberbullying is included in the anti- harassment law. This is effective as victims of cyber bullying now have legal protection. Moreover, potential bullies will be deterred from cyber bullying due to the possible implications of the law. This should lead to a reduction in cases of cyberbullying. However, as mentioned above, it is difficult to constantly monitor social media and the protectors of law are unable to cover the whole social media to keep track of these perpetrators.

Cyberbullying is an important issue that Singapore has to solve. The above solutions are effective only to a certain extent as both aim to educate and then deter people from cyberbullying. With the rise of the status of social media, there is an increase in the importance of handphones and computers to youths. It will be difficult to take these things away from them now. Therefore, it is important for parents to enforce rules at home. Meanwhile, policies by schools, the legal system and the organizations like MLC and Touch have to continue to aid in resolving cyberbullying effectively (Kraft & Wang, 2009).

Reference

Kraft, E.M. and Wang, J. (2009). Effectiveness of cyber bullying prevention strategies: A study on students’ perspectives. Cyber Crime Journal.com. Retrieved from http://www.cybercrimejournal.com/KraftwangJulyIJCC2009.pdf

Family and Life (2014). Singapore is the Second Highest Nation of Cyberbullies. Retrieved from http://familyandlife.sg/Nurture/2014/03/Singapore_Second_Highest_Nation_Cyberbullies

Facebook, Media Literacy Council launch site to combat bullying. (2015). Asiaone. Retrieved from http://news.asiaone.com/news/science-and-tech/facebook-media-literacy-council-launch-site-combat-cyber-bullying

Tan, J. (2014). 1 in 4 secondary students ‘admits to cyber bullying’. The Straits Times. Retrieved from http://www.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/education/story/1-4-secondary-students-admits-cyber-bullying-20140714

Shanmugam, K. (2014). Anti- harassment laws to fight ‘social scourge’. Today Online. Retrieved from http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/anti-harassment-laws-fight-social-scourge?page=1

Varjas, K., Talley, J., Meyers, J., Parris, L. & Cutts, H. (2010). High School Students’ Perceptions of Motivations of Cyberbullying: An exploratory study. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2941365/

Critical Reflection

Critical Reflection

The role of peer and tutor and feedback

In ES1102E, we were told to write a reader response essay on an article that we have read on. We posted our drafts on our blog so that our peers and tutor can give us feedback on our essays. Apart from that, we had to provide a peer review for one of our peers. I had my reservations when giving my feedback. Also, I was very conscious with the words that I used and the comments that I have given. I made sure that I gave equal amounts of positive and negative reviews.

Receiving and providing feedback on an academic essay is an experience which I have not experienced in a while. I do not like to re-read my essay. Therefore, I felt uncomfortable at the thought of my peers reading my "unfinished" essay. I did not like the idea of being reviewed because I am not strong in essay writing. After reading the feedback, some mistakes that I have made is the overusing of first person pronouns in my academic essays. Apart from that, I have a habit of having long sentences. At times, these sentences tend to confuse readers about the about the idea that I am trying to convey to them.  There were other minor grammatical and sentence structures problems.

I gave some thoughts on the mistakes that I have made in essay. I came to a realisation how these were mistakes that I have been making all along in my essays. It brought about a sense of urgency for me to get rid of these mistakes because being an Arts student in NUS, I will be required to write many essays. If the mistakes that I have made were to stay, it will greatly affect my academic performances. This experience of receiving feedback was a reality check for me. Feedback allows people to improve because it highlights the mistakes that writers cannot identify themselves.

From this experience, I have learnt that everyone makes mistakes in their essay and these mistakes can be avoided by re-reading your essay. After receiving both formal and informal feedback, I have learnt that I am one who is able to provide content, but often, my ideas are not phrased properly and this affects readers’ understanding on my essay. In order to help others improve, we have to be frank and critical in our review. When writing my essays now, I am more conscious with my language use. I will constantly re- read what I have written and make a conscious effort to avoid using first person pronouns. I put in more effort in delivering short and concise sentences such that I will not confuse my readers about the ideas that I am trying to bring across. Most importantly, I have learnt about the importance of being confident in what you write and always be ready for feedback.

Reflection on Presentation

Overall, i felt that i had a good presentation. I knew my content well and i did not stuttered. However, some things that i have to take note of will be my body language. I need to realize that I tend to sway from side to side. This is will be distracting to the my target audience. It may be a good way to try to maintain eye contact with all of the them. However, I feel that it may be better if we focus on a few people instead of trying to focus on maintaining eye contact with everyone.
I appreciate the feedbacks as they can help me improve on my presentation skills and allow me to identify my strengths and weaknesses. This way, i will be able to give better presentations and also to help my teammates in future. One last thing that i have to take note of is the frequent use of fillers. This is something that i have to get rid of.

outline for critical relflection

The role of peer and tutor feedback.

What happened? Describe the experience

I wrote a reader response essay. I received both formal and informal comments on my writing blog. Apart from that, I had to comment on my group mate’s blog post too. This is something that I have not experienced in a while. I had my reservations and was very conscious when giving my feedback.

Why/ how did it happen? What factors contributed? How do you feel about it?

I had quite a few grammatical and format errors and there were certain unclear sentences. At times, my expression of certain ideas will be misunderstood.

I am personally one who do not like to re- read my essay. I felt uncomfortable on the thought that my peers are going to give feedback on what I wrote. 

What is your new interpretation of the experience? What is the significance?

This experience is somewhat like a reality check for me. In the past, I did not like peer feedback. However, this will help to improve my language and that is the purpose.

What did you learn about yourself and the others?

I learnt that everyone makes mistakes and this is something that can be avoided by re- reading your essay. I am one who is able to provide content but often, my points are not phrased properly and this affects reader’s understanding on my

It is easy to spot other people’s mistake. In order to improve, we have to be frank

What will you do as a result of this experience? How will you use it to inform your future?

I am more conscious when I write my essay now. I will re-read what I have wrote to check the flow of my essay. Also, I will check on my grammar in the essay.

When writing my essays now, i will always think about it as an academic writing. I will also make a conscious effort to avoid using 1st person

Problem Structured Essay Draft 3

The increasing use of social media has brought about many problems, one of them being cyberbullying. Singapore is ranked second amongst nations of cyberbullies (Family & Life, 2014). It is reported that one out of four secondary school students has admitted to bullying their friends and one out of five primary school students has been bullied online (Tan, 2014).Through the use of social media, there is an increasing number of cyber bullying cases among youth aged between 8 and 17 in Singapore. This is extremely detrimental to the Singaporean youth’s development due to the psychological effects that are brought about from cyberbullying. The Media Literacy Council (MLC) and SingTel have both launched cyber wellness programmes to combat cyberbullying. The issue on cyber bullying among youths in Singapore has to be solved to prevent more harm to the growth and mental health of the youth with the help of Singtel, Touch organization, MLC and the Singapore law.

Cyberbullying includes sending unpleasant photographs and messages by mobile phone or online messaging. Deleting a person’s name from a group or not replying to that person’s messages on social networking sites can (also?) be a form of bullying as it can be seen as ostracization (MLC,2015). It is important to combat cyberbullying as youths who are cyber bullied often suffer mentally. They will face lasting emotional damages like depression, loneliness, unhappiness and poor sleep (Caudle, 2015). These problems could disrupt youths’ daily lives, causing them to grow up to be people who shun   interaction with others, and this might greatly affect their school lives, academics and future career. To make matters worse, the adverse effects from cyberbullying are often not shown explicitly by the victims. For the bullies, the continuous abuse on others could lead to them to become more aggressive and more narcissistic. This might also hinder the development of these perpetrators as they are growing up to becoming people who are not appreciative of others.

One solution that organizations in Singapore have implemented is the use of cyber wellness programmes to educate both youths and their parents about the harmful effects of cyber bullying. MLC has launched a site together with Facebook called the Bullying Prevention Centre (Asiaone, 2015), which offers guidance to the bullies and the bullied. The aim is to ensure that interactions online are relevant and user-friendly for the youths. School students will be able to report suspected cases of bullying online and learn how to differentiate signs of cyber bullying. Also, SingTel has come together with TOUCH to create an application called “notAnoobie”. It allows parents to keep track of their children activities on the internet and to protect their children from online risks. There are also stories of victims from cyber bullying on the website. “NotAnoobie” aims to educate and empower parents with information on what their children are doing. This is important as parents play a huge role in the upbringing of their children.

The two examples mentioned are both cyber wellness programmes organized by the relevant organizations. Cyber wellness programmes are effective in combating cyber bullying as they empowers netizens with information that they may not have known previously. The cyber wellness programmes heightens the awareness of people and allows them to identify, prevent and report possible cases of cyberbullying. This is effective as people learn about the consequences of their actions and they will reconsider their actions. People may be able to prevent themselves from getting bullied as they are able to recognize signs of cyberbullying and then stopping it themselves. However, due to the anonymity of the users on social networks, bullies are able to repeatedly post harsh and cruel comments or even cyberbully without being caught if they are not reported. It is difficult for social media platforms to constantly monitor their users and it is difficult to establish a common standard to distinguish between what is cyber bullying and what is not. The programmes may be effective to some degree, but different bullies have different motivations to cyberbully (Varjas, Talley, Meryers, Parris & Cutts, 2010). The bullies may be motivated by anger or entertainment. They may even do it to enhance their social status in school. Educating netizens on cyber bulling may not be the solution as cyber bullies have different types of motivations. Cyber wellness programmes only help to curb cyberbullying of certain type of motivations.

Another solution is the passing of the anti- harassment law in Singapore by the parliament. The new law aims to protect the people in Singapore from the “social scourge” (Shanmugam, 2014). Harassment in the online sphere like cyberbullying is included in the anti- harassment law. This is effective as victims of cyber bullying now have legal protection. Moreover, people will be deterred from cyber bullying due to the possible implications of the law. This should lead to a reduction in cases of cyberbullying. However, as mentioned above, it is difficult to constantly monitor social media and the protectors of law are unable to cover the whole social media to keep track of these perpetrators.

Cyberbullying is an important issue that Singapore has to solve. The above solutions are effective only to a certain extent as both aim to educate and then deter people from cyberbullying. With the rise of the status of social media, there is an increase in the importance of handphones and computers to youths. It will be difficult to take these things away from them now. Therefore, it is important for parents to enforce rules at home. Meanwhile, policies by schools, Singapore law and the organizations like MLC and Touch has to continue to aid in resolving cyberbullying effectively (Kraft & Wang, 2009).

Reference

E. M. Kraft and J. Wang (2009). Effectiveness of cyber bullying prevention strategies: A study on students’ perspectives. Cyber Crime Journal.com. Retrieved from http://www.cybercrimejournal.com/KraftwangJulyIJCC2009.pdf

Family and Life (2014). Singapore is the Second Highest Nation of Cyberbullies. Retrieved from http://familyandlife.sg/Nurture/2014/03/Singapore_Second_Highest_Nation_Cyberbullies

Facebook, Media Literacy Council launch site to combat bullying. (2015). Asiaone. Retrieved from http://news.asiaone.com/news/science-and-tech/facebook-media-literacy-council-launch-site-combat-cyber-bullying

J. Tan (2014). 1 in 4 secondary students ‘admits to cyber bullying’. The Straits Times. Retrieved from http://www.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/education/story/1-4-secondary-students-admits-cyber-bullying-20140714

K. Shanmugam (2014). Anti- harassment laws to fight ‘social scourge’. Today Online. Retrieved from http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/anti-harassment-laws-fight-social-scourge?page=1

K. Varjas, J. Talley, J.Meyers, L. Parris and H. Cutts (2010). High School Students’ Perceptions of Motivations of Cyberbullying: An exploratory study. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2941365/

Essay Draft 2

The increasing use of social media has brought about many problems, one of them being cyber bullying. Singapore is ranked second in the nation of cyberbullies. (Family & Life, 2014). It is reported that one out of four secondary school students have admitted to bullying their friends and one out of five primary school students have been bullied online (Tan, 2014).Through the use of social media, there is an increasing number of cyber bullying cases among youth aged between 8 and 17 in Singapore. This is extremely detrimental to the Singaporean youth’s development due to the psychologically effects that is brought about from cyberbullying. The Media Literacy Council (MLC) and SingTel has both launched cyber wellness programme to combat cyberbullying. The issue on cyber bullying among youths in Singapore has to be solved to prevent more harm to the growth and mental health of the youth.

Cyber bullying includes sending unpleasant photographs and messages by mobile phone or online messaging. Deleting a person name from a group or not replying to people’s messages on social networking sites can be a form of bullying as it can be seen as ostracization. (MLC,2015) It is important to combat cyberbullying as youths who are cyber bullied often suffer mentally. They will face lasting emotional damages like depression, loneliness, unhappiness and poor sleep. (Caudle, 2015). These problems will disrupt youths’ daily lives, causing them to grow up to be people who shun away from interaction with others and this will greatly affect their lives, career and academics. To make matters worse, the adverse effects from cyberbullying are often not shown explicitly by the victims. The victims will grow up to become more introvert, avoiding people due to the lack of confidence and the fear of being bullied. For the bullies, the continuous abuse on others will lead to them becoming more aggressive and more narcissistic. This will also hinder the development of the perpetrators as they are growing up to becoming people who are not appreciative of others.

One solution that organizations in Singapore has implemented is the use of cyber wellness programmes to educate both youths and their parents about the harmful effects of cyber bullying. MLC has launched a site together with Facebook called the Bullying Prevention Centre. (Hui Zhen, 2015) .It is a site that offers guidance to those the bullies and the bullied. The aim is to ensure that interactions online is relevant and user-friendly for the youths. People will be able to report suspected cases of bullying online and learn how to differentiate signs of cyber bullying. SingTel has come together with TOUCH to create an application called “notAnoobie”. It allows parents to keep track of their children activities on the internet and protect their children from online risks. There are also stories of victims from cyber bullying. “NotAnoobie” aims to educate and empower parents with information on what their children are doing. This is important as parents play a huge role in the upbringing of youths.

The two examples mentioned are both cyber wellness programmes organized by the relevant organizations. Cyber wellness programmes are effective in combating cyber bullying as it empowers people with information that they may not have known previously. It heightens the awareness of people and it allows them to identify, prevent and report possible cases of cyberbullying. This is effective as people know about the consequences of their actions and they will reconsider their actions. People are able to prevent themselves from getting bullied as they are able to recognize signs of cyberbullying and then stopping it themselves. However, due to the anonymity the users on social networks, youths are able to repeatedly post harsh and cruel comments or even cyberbully without being caught if they are not reported. It is difficult for social media platforms to constantly monitor their users and it is difficult to establish a common standard to distinguish between what is cyber bullying and what is not. The programmes may be effective to some, but different youths have different motivations to cyberbully. (Varjas, Talley, Meryers, Parris and Cutts, 2010). These people may be motivated by anger or entertainment. Some youths may even do it to enhance their social status in school. Youths may be educated about cyber bullying, however, it may not be the solution as cyber bullies have different types of motivations. Cyber wellness programmes only helps to curb cyberbullying of certain type of motivations.

Another solution is passing of the anti- harassment laws in Singapore by the parliament. The new law aims to protect the people in Singapore from the “social scourge” (Shanmugam, 2014). Harassment in the online sphere like cyberbullying is included in the anti- harassment law. This is effective as victims of cyber bullying now have legal protection. Moreover, people will be deterred from cyber bullying due to the possible implications with the law. This will lead to a reduction in cases of cyberbullying. However, as mentioned above, it is difficult to constantly monitor social media and the protectors of law are unable to cover the whole social media to keep track of these perpetrators.

Cyberbullying is an important issue that Singapore has to solve. The above solutions are effective only to a certain extent as both aims to educate and then deter people from cyberbullying. However, the most effective way to prevent people from cyberbullying and being cyberbullied would be to take these electronic devices away from there. With the rise of the status of social media, there is an increase in the importance of handphones and computers to youths. It will be difficult to take these things away from them now. Therefore, it is important for parents to enforce rules at home. Meanwhile, policies by schools, Singapore and the organizations like MLC has to continue to aid in resolving cyberbullying effectively. (Kraft and Wang, 2009)

Reference

Ellen M. Kraft and Jinchang Wang (2009). Effectiveness of Cyber bullying Prevention Strategies: A Study on Students’ Perspectives. Retrieved from http://www.cybercrimejournal.com/KraftwangJulyIJCC2009.pdf

Family and Life (2014). Singapore is the Second Highest Nation of Cyberbullies. Retrieved from http://familyandlife.sg/Nurture/2014/03/Singapore_Second_Highest_Nation_Cyberbullies

Hui Zhen (2015). Facebook, Media Literacy Council launch site to combat bullying. Retrieved from http://news.asiaone.com/news/science-and-tech/facebook-media-literacy-council-launch-site-combat-cyber-bullying

Janice Tan (2014). 1 in 4 secondary students ‘admits to cyber bullying’. The Straits Times. Retrieved from http://www.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/education/story/1-4-secondary-students-admits-cyber-bullying-20140714

K Shanmugam (2014). Anti- harassment laws to fight ‘social scourge’. Retrieved from http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/anti-harassment-laws-fight-social-scourge?page=1

Kris Varjas, Jasmaine Talley, Joel Meyers, Leandra Parris and Haley Cutts (2010). High School Students’ Perceptions of Motivations of Cyberbullying: An exploratory Study. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2941365/

An Influential Event

An influential event.

An influential event that has shaped my life and who I am now is when I was nominated to as the President of the Student Council in Secondary School. I was in the student council since secondary one and I realized that I have a strong interest in events management. I decided to try out as a member of the executive committee. After a series of interviews and voting, I am fortunate and honored to be nominated as the President of the sixth student council.

I have become someone who is more confident after taking up this role as a president in the student council. I have to speak in front of the whole school regularly and I have to be confident enough to speak to people whom I do not really know personally. I have also learned about the importance of being decisive and being able to take up the responsibility of certain decisions in life. I have to take responsibility of the things that is proposed by the student council. Therefore, I have to constantly check on my members to make sure that things were going on the right track.

From this event, I have become someone who is more people oriented. I have also gained valuable leadership skills which enables me to work better both as a leader and team player. The most important takeaway is how I have adopted a more positive outlook on life. I have encountered many difficult times. However, the most important thing to do is to be more optimistic. This way, you will then be able to overcome the difficulties that you are facing. Things will only change if you look at it from a more positive angle. 

Essay Draft 1

The increasing use of social media has brought about many problems, one of them being cyber bullying. Singapore is ranked second in the nation of cyberbullies. (Family & Life, 2014). It is reported that one out of four secondary school students have admitted to bullying their friends and one five primary school students have been bullied online (Tan, 2014).Through the use of social media, there is an increasing number of cyber bullying cases among youth aged between 8 and 17 in Singapore. This is extremely detrimental to the Singaporean youth’s development due to the psychologically effects that is brought about from cyberbullying. The Media Literacy Council (MLC) and SingTel has both launched cyber wellness programme to combat cyberbullying. The issue on cyber bullying among youths in Singapore has to be solved to prevent more harm to the growth and mental health of the youth.

Cyber bullying includes sending unpleasant photographs and messages by mobile phone or online messaging. Deleting a person name from a group or not replying to people’s messages on social networking sites can be a form of bullying as it can be seen as ostracization. (MLC,2015) It is important to combat cyberbullying as youths who are cyber bullied often suffer mentally. They will face lasting emotional damages like depression, loneliness, unhappiness and poor sleep. (Caudle, 2015). These problems will disrupt youths’ daily lives and it will cause them to grow up to be people who shun away interaction with others and this will greatly affect their lives, career and academics. To make matters worse, the adverse effects from cyberbullying are often not shown explicitly by the victims. The victims will grow up to become more introvert, avoiding people due to the lack of confidence and the fear of being bullied. For the bullies, the continuous abuse on others will lead to them becoming more aggressive and more narcissistic. This will also hinder the development of the perpetrators as they are growing up to becoming people who are not appreciative of others.

One solution that organizations in Singapore has implemented is the use of cyber wellness programmes to educate both youths and their parents about the harmful effects of cyber bullying. MLC has launched a site together with Facebook called the Bullying Prevention Centre. (Hui Zhen, 2015) .It is a site that offers guidance to those the bullies and the bullied. The aim is to ensure that interactions online is relevant and user-friendly for the youths. People will be able to report suspected cases of bullying online and learn how to differentiate signs of cyber bullying. SingTel has come together with TOUCH to create an application called “notAnoobie”. It allows parents to keep track of their children activities on the internet and protect their children from online risks. There are also stories of victims from cyber bullying. “NotAnoobie” aims to educate and empower parents with information on what their children are doing. This is important as parents play a huge role in the upbringing of youths.

The two examples mentioned are both cyber wellness programmes organized by the relevant organizations. Cyber wellness programmes are effective in combating cyber bullying as it empowers people with information that they may not have known previously. It heightens the awareness of people and it allows them to identify, prevent and report possible cases of cyberbullying. This is effective as people know about the consequences of their actions and they will reconsider their actions. People are able to prevent themselves from getting bullied as they are able to recognize signs of cyberbullying and then stopping it themselves. However, due to the anonymity the users on social networks, youths are able to repeatedly post harsh and cruel comments or even cyberbully without being caught if they are not reported. It is difficult for social media platforms to constantly monitor their users and it is difficult to establish a common standard to distinguish between what is cyber bullying and what is not.

Another solution is passing of the anti- harassment laws in Singapore by the parliament. The new law aims to protect the people in Singapore from the “social scourge” (Shanmugam, 2014). Harassment in the online sphere like cyberbullying is included in the anti- harassment law. This is effective as victims of cyber bullying now have legal protection. Moreover, people will be deterred from cyber bullying due to the possible implications with the law. This will lead to a reduction in cases of cyberbullying. However, as mentioned above, it is difficult to constantly monitor social media and the protectors of law are unable to cover the whole social media to keep track of these perpetrators.

Cyberbullying between youths is an important issue that Singapore has to solve. The above solutions are effective only to a certain extent as both aims to educate and then deter people from cyberbullying. However, the most effective way to prevent people from cyberbullying and being cyberbullied would be to take these electronic devices away from there. With the rise of the status of social media, there is an increase in the importance of handphones and computers to youths. It will be difficult to take these things away from them now. Therefore, it is important for parents to enforce rules at home. Meanwhile, policies by schools, Singapore and the organizations like MLC has to continue to aid in resolving cyberbullying effectively. (Kraft and Wang, 2009)

Reference

Ellen M. Kraft and Jinchang Wang (2009). Effectiveness of Cyber bullying Prevention Strategies: A Study on Students’ Perspectives. Retrieved from http://www.cybercrimejournal.com/KraftwangJulyIJCC2009.pdf

Family and Life (2014). Singapore is the Second Highest Nation of Cyberbullies. Retrieved from http://familyandlife.sg/Nurture/2014/03/Singapore_Second_Highest_Nation_Cyberbullies

Janice Tan (2014). 1 in 4 secondary students ‘admits to cyber bullying’. The Straits Times. Retrieved from http://www.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/education/story/1-4-secondary-students-admits-cyber-bullying-20140714

K Shanmugam (2014). Anti- harassment laws to fight ‘social scourge’. Retrieved from http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/anti-harassment-laws-fight-social-scourge?page=1

Hui Zhen (2015). Facebook, Media Literacy Council launch site to combat bullying. Retrieved from http://news.asiaone.com/news/science-and-tech/facebook-media-literacy-council-launch-site-combat-cyber-bullying

Essay Plan

Discuss a problem arising from the use of social media and its impact on individuals and/or society in a particular country. Identify existing solutions and propose possible new measures that could be implemented to address that problem. Be sure to integrate information from appropriate sources into your essay.

Main Problem: Through the use of social media, there is an increasing number in cyber bullying in Singapore. Singapore is the 2^nd highest nation of cyberbullies. 3 out of 10 re bullied.

Affected target group: Primary and Secondary School children. Youth between the ages 8 and 17

Agent of change: Parents, Media literacy council, Touch cyber wellness, network operators like SingTel

Solution 1: SingTel and Touch Cyber Wellness have come out with Singapore’s first cyber- wellness application called “notAnoobie”

Evaluation 1:  This application helps to provide one-stop information source to help parents monitor and protect their children from online risks. Parents can keep track of their children’s online involvement in aspects. Parents can help to educate their children on their

Solution 2: Singapore parliament has recently approved an anti- harassment law

Thesis: Through the use of social media, there is an increasing number of cyber bullying cases among youth aged between 8 and 17 in Singapore.  Singapore is ranked second in the nation of cyberbullies. (Family & Life, 2014). Singapore is one of the rare countries where there is a greater rate of bullying online than offline.

http://www.cyberpsychology.eu/view.php?cisloclanku=2014012101&article=5

http://www.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/more-singapore-stories/story/5-tips-how-you-can-protect-your-kid-cyber-bullying-20140

http://www.medialiteracycouncil.sg/online-safety/Pages/cyber-bullying.aspx

http://familyandlife.sg/Nurture/2014/03/Singapore_Second_Highest_Nation_Cyberbullies

https://sg.sports.yahoo.com/blogs/expert-advice/fresh-takes-on-dealing-with-cyberbullying.html

http://www.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/education/story/1-4-secondary-students-admits-cyber-bullying-20140714

http://thediplomat.com/2014/03/singapore-criminalizes-cyber-bullying-and-stalking/

Reader Response Draft 3

In the article “Writing Your Way to Happiness”, Parker-Pope (2015) claims that expressive writing can make one happier. Expressive writing is both physically and mentally beneficial. The writer mentions that writing and rewriting your own stories “can lead to behavioural changes” and it can help change our views of ourselves. Studies conducted in America, as mentioned in the article, has proven that students who edited their own narrative about college, as compared to those who did not, turned out to be more successful in their academics. Writing enables us to reconstruct and redefine our problems which enables us to face our problems, leading to a “life course correction”. A “life course correction” refers to a change of lifestyle and change of outlook on life. Writing can help a person recognize what is more important to them.

Pennebaker’s idea of expressive writing being a “life course correction” is able to lead people to becoming happier. The main benefits of writing like health benefits, enabling people to solve their problems and change their perception allows them to change their lifestyle which will make them happier. The health benefits from expressive writing can prolong people’s life, enabling them to spend more quality time with their loved ones. Expressive writing changes people’s perspective on life and it helps them to face and solve problems.

Expressive writing can provide people with health benefits. It is beneficial especially to those who are suffering from anxiety related sickness like asthma.  Experiments have shown that asthma patients who wrote daily about their experiences got better and it prevented their conditions from deteriorating (Miller, 2014). Expressive writing also helps to reduce stress, as shown in a research on HIV- related anxiety. “By writing, you put some structure and organization to those anxious feelings. It helps you to get past them.” (Murray, 2002). These health benefits can help to improve their medical conditions, which will increase their comfort in their lives. They would not have to suffer as much as they did in the past and this will definitely make them happier. Slowly, their life course will be corrected as their conditions improve. Parker- Pope has also stated that expressive writing can improve mood disorder. The improvement in mood disorder helps to improve people’s well- being and it changes their lifestyle as we are no longer restricted by sickness or disorders. Expressive writing brings about health benefits which improves and corrects people’s life, enabling them to become happier as they are able to enjoy more quality time with their loved ones.

Expressive writing forces people to face their problems. Writing down one’s problems and conflicts enables the person to redefine and reconstruct them. Instead of the endless regurgitating of the problem in a person’s head, writing it down allows them to accurately identify what is going wrong. Also, people will have sufficient time to stop and think about how the issue has broader implications, which highlights solving the problems to prevent any bad things to happen. People suffers psychologically when they have a problem. The cultivation of a habit of facing problems readily from expressive writing allows one to identify that he or she has made a mistake and the person would have to correct it, “to change course and move forward a better person” (Millburn & Nicodemus). Expressive writing helps people to face their long term problems, problems which have been hindering them for a long time. Solving these problems will enable them to live life differently as they are no longer restricted by the problems they were facing. Their life course will be corrected and they will become happier.

Expressive writing changes a person’s perspective in life. Expressive writing allows people to write and re-write their life experiences. This enables people to have a more thorough thinking of the events or experiences. It offers another viewpoint on a certain matter and it makes the cause and effect more obvious, allowing people to identify what they did right or wrong. (Friedman and Silver, 2006). Expressive writing allows people to assess where they are, where they have heading towards and it allows people to do the things needed to continue moving towards their goals in life. People will be clear and know that they should not be making the past same mistakes. (Millburn & Nicodemus, n.d.)

In my opinion, expressive writing really do helps in changing our lifestyle and how people look at life. Writing enables people to get a clearer view of what they are experiencing and it helps them better visualize their situation. This creates more awareness and it provides people with a clearer direction in their life course. We will be able to suffer from lesser worries and problems and we will be happier because of our more positive outlook in life.

In conclusion, expressive writing allows people to be healthier and have a different perspective in life.  Expressive writing makes people more optimistic as they are able to solve their problems and their life is always changing because they “write” who they are. This will definitely change people’s life courses as they will start to have a more positive outlook in life. They will become happier as they will believe that things will turn out well. They will believe that they can solve the problems that have been standing in their way. As stated widely by Revich, (2010) “Optimism is a key ingredient to happiness” (Reivich, 2010). Therefore, it is recommended for people to start writing their way to happiness as there are so many benefits to it and they will be able to correct their life courses, making them happier people.

References

Craig Miller, M (2014). The Mental Health Benefits of Expressive Writing. Medical content reviewed by the Faculty of the Harvard Medical School. Retrieved from http://www.intelihealth.com/article/the-mental-health-benefits-of-expressive-writing?hd=Minding

Friedman R.H.S and Silver I.R.C, (2006,14 Aug). Foundations of Health Psychology. Oxford University Press. Pg. 277, 278. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=AX3Gc2C_vGEC&pg=PA279&lpg=PA279&dq=expressive+writing+as+a+life+course+correction&source=bl&ots=shQBHfrYhT&sig=gyEtDrofmQIhYRIzoOiYU1E0HJM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jzjWVP2lIZSsuQTg5oD4Dw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false

Millburn, J.F. and Nicodemus. (n.d.). Course Correction. [Weblog post]. Retrieved from http://www.theminimalists.com/correction/

Murray, B (2002). Writing to heal. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/monitor/jun02/writing.aspx

Reivich, K (2010). Optimism: A Key Ingredient to Happiness. Retrieved from http://www.nasponline.org/publications/cq/pdf/v38n7_ft_optimism.pdf

Reader Response 2

In the article “Writing Your Way to Happiness”, Parker-Pope (2015) claims that expressive writing can make one happier. Expressive writing is both physically and mentally beneficial. The writer mentions that writing and rewriting your own stories “can lead to behavioral changes” and it can help change our views of ourselves. Studies conducted in America has shown that students who edited their own narrative about college, as compared to those who did not, turned out to be more successful in their academics. Writing enables us to reconstruct and redefine our problems which enables us to face our problems, leading to a “life course correction”. Writing can help a person recognize what is more important to them.

The author cited Pennebaker’s idea of expressive writing being a “life course correction” which he believes will lead us to becoming happier. The health benefits from expressive writing are able to correct people’s lifestyle and life course which will make them happier people. The health benefits from expressive writing can prolong a person life, enabling them to spend more quality time with their loved ones. Expressive writing changes people’s perspective on life and it helps them to face and solve problems.

Expressive writing can provide people with health benefits. It is beneficial especially to those who are suffering from anxiety related sickness like asthma.  Experiments have shown that asthma patients who wrote daily about their experiences got better and it prevented their conditions from deteriorating. (Miller, 2014) Expressive writing also helps to reduce stress, as shown in a research on HIV- related anxiety. “By writing, you put some structure and organization to those anxious feelings. It helps you to get past them.” (Murray, 2002). These health benefits can help to improve their medical conditions, which will increase their comfort in their lives. They would not have to suffer as much as they did in the past and this will definitely make them happier. Slowly, their life course will be corrected as their conditions will improve. Parker- Pope has also stated that expressive writing can improve mood disorder. This helps to improve people’s well- being and it changes their lifestyle as we are no longer restricted by sickness or disorders. Expressive writing brings about health benefits which improves and corrects people’s life, enabling them to become happier as they are able to enjoy more quality time with their loved ones.

Expressive writing forces people to face their problems. Writing down one’s problems and conflicts enables the person to redefine and reconstruct them. Instead of the endless regurgitating of the problem in your head, writing it down allows us to accurately identify what is going wrong. Also, people will have sufficient time to stop and think about how the issue has broader implications, highlighting the importance of solving the problems to prevent any bad things to happen. Having a problem causes many worries and sufferings psychologically for a person. To cultivate a habit of facing problems readily allows one to identify that he or she has made a mistake and the person would have to correct it, “to change course and move forward a better person” (Millburn & Nicodemus). Expressive writing helps people to face their long term problems, problems which have been hindering them for a long time. Solving these problems will enable them to live life differently as they are no longer restricted by the problems they were facing. Their life course will be corrected and they will become happier.

Expressive writing changes a person’s perspective in life. Expressive writing allows people to write and re-write their life experiences. This enables people have a more thorough thinking of the events or experiences. It offers another viewpoint on a certain matter and it makes the cause and effect more obvious, allowing people to identify what they did right or wrong. (Friedman and Silver, 2006). Expressive writing allows people to assess where they are, where they have heading towards and it allows people to do the things needed to continue moving towards their goals in life. People will be clear and know that they should not be making the past same mistakes. ((Millburn & Nicodemus)

In conclusion, expressive writing allows people to be healthier and have a different perspective in life.  Expressive writing makes people more optimistic as they are able to solve their problems and their life is always changing because they “write” they are. This will definitely change people’s life course as they will start to have a more positive outlook in life. They will become happier as they will believe that things will turn out well. They will believe that they can solve the problems that have been standing in their away. As stated widely, “Optimism is a key ingredient to happiness” (Reivich, 2010). Therefore, it is recommended for people to start writing their way to happiness as there are so many benefits to it and they will be able to correct their life course, making them happier people.

Craig Miller, M (2014). The Mental Health Benefits of Expressive Writing. Medical content reviewed by the Faculty of the Harvard Medical School. Retrieved on February 12, 2015, fromnhttp://www.intelihealth.com/article/the-mental-health-benefits-of-expressive-writing?hd=Minding

Friedman R.H.S and Silver I.R.C, (2006). Foundations of Health Psychology. Oxford University Press, 14 Aug 2006. Pg. 277, 278. Retrieved on February 12 2015, from https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=AX3Gc2C_vGEC&pg=PA279&lpg=PA279&dq=expressive+writing+as+a+life+course+correction&source=bl&ots=shQBHfrYhT&sig=gyEtDrofmQIhYRIzoOiYU1E0HJM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jzjWVP2lIZSsuQTg5oD4Dw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false

Millburn, J.F. and Nicodemus. Course Correction. Weblog post. Retrieved on February 12 2015, from http://www.theminimalists.com/correction/

Murray, B (2002). Writing to heal. Retrieved on February 12 2015, from http://www.apa.org/monitor/jun02/writing.aspx

Reivich, K (2010). Optimism: A Key Ingredient to Happiness. Retrieved on February 12 2015, from http://www.nasponline.org/publications/cq/pdf/v38n7_ft_optimism.pdf

Reader Response Draft 1

Reader’s Response

In the article “Writing Your Way to Happiness”, Parker-Pope (2015) claims that expressive writing can make one happier. Expressive writing is both physically and mentally beneficial. The writer mentions that writing and rewriting your own stories “can lead to behavioral changes” and it can help change our views of ourselves. Studies conducted in America has shown that students who edited their own narrative about college, as compared to those who did not, turned out to be more successful in their academics. Writing enables us to reconstruct and redefine our problems which enables us to face our problems, leading to a “life course correction”. Writing can help a person recognize what is more important to them.

The author cited Pennebaker’s idea of expressive writing being a life course correction which he believes will lead us to becoming happier. The health benefits from expressive writing are able to correct our lifestyle and life course which will make us happier people. The health benefits from expressive writing can prolong our life, enabling us to spend more quality time with our loved ones. Expressive writing changes our perspective on life and it helps us face and solve problems which has been troubling us.

Expressive writing can provide us with health benefits. It is beneficial especially to those who are suffering from anxiety related sickness like asthma.  Experiments has shown that asthma patients who wrote daily about their experiences got better and it prevented their conditions from deteriorating. Expressive writing also helps to reduce stress, as shown in a research on HIV- related anxiety. “By writing, you put some structure and organization to those anxious feelings. It helps you to get past them.” (Pennebaker, 2002). These health benefits can help improve their medical conditions, which will increase their comfort in their lives. They would not have to suffer as much as they did in the past and this will definitely make them happier. Slowly, their life course will be corrected as their conditions will improve. Parker- Pope has also stated that expressive writing can improve mood disorder. This helps to improve our well- being and it corrects our life course as we are no longer restricted by disorders. We have new potential from having better memory. Expressive writing brings about health benefits which improves and corrects our life which enables us to become happier as we are able to enjoy more quality time with our loved ones.

Expressive writing makes us face our problems. Writing down our problems and conflicts enables us to redefine and reconstruct them. Instead of the endless regurgitating of the problem in your head, writing it down allows us to accurately identify the problem at hand. Moreover, it allows us to have sufficient time to stop and think about how the issue has broader implications, highlighting the importance of solving the problems to prevent any bad things to happen. Having a problem causes many worries and sufferings psychologically for a person. To cultivate this habit of facing your problems readily will certainly change your life course. It can help people correct the fear and problem they have been facing for a long time. Solving these long term issues allow them to take a different course in life, freeing them from the worries they had. These people will no longer be restricted like how they were in the past.

Expressive writing can change our perspective in life. Expressive writing allows us to write and re-write our life experiences. When we repeatedly write about our lives, we are able to have a more thorough thinking of the events or experiences. We can constantly review our viewpoint on the matter and then write another detailed, more consistent account of the matter. When using words like because, realize and understand, it makes the cause and effect more obvious, allowing us to identify what we did right and wrong. All this will help us correct our life course or even improve it. As stated by Parker- Pope in her article, research done in America has proven the above. Expressive writing makes us more optimistic as we can solve our problems and our life is always changing because we “write” who we are. We do not need to be stuck in the social construct that has existed since the past. This will definitely change people’s life course as they will start to have a more positive outlook in life. They will become happier as they will believe that things will turn out well. As stated widely, “Optimism is a key ingredient to happiness”

In conclusion, expressive writing allows us to redefine and reconstruct our identity, our problems and our experiences. We are able to look at matters more clearly and we have more time to think and ponder. We are able to choose properly what is important to our life course and what type of lessons we have to learn so that the same mistake will not be made again. Expressive writing allows us to be more optimistic and helps us solve our problem. It alters our way of life, making us happier people. 

Summary draft 1

Summary

In the article “Writing Your Way to Happiness”, Parker-Pope (2015) claims that expressive writing can make one happier. Expressive writing is both physically and mentally beneficial. The writer mentions that writing and rewriting your own stories “can lead to behavioral changes” and it can help change our views of ourselves. Studies conducted in America has shown that students who edited their own narrative about college, as compared to those who did not, turned out to be more successful in their academics. Writing enables us to reconstruct and redefine our problems which enables us to face our problems, leading to a “life course correction”. Writing can help a person recognize what is more important to them.

(115 words)

Parker-Pope, T. (2015, Jan 19). Writing Your Way to Happiness. [Web log post]

Retrieved from http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/19/writing-your-way-to-happiness/?hpw&rref=health&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=well-region&region=bottom-well&WT.nav=bottom-well&_r=1

Paraphrasing and Summary Exercise (Week 3)

Paraphrasing Exercise

1.       Latin was the global language for the Roman Empire. Crystal suggested that this was not due to the fact that the Romans were more in numbers as compared to the subdued. Instead, it was clearly due to the Romans being more dominant.

2.       According to Declan Butler, the new power plant improve its performance by being able to withstand high heat (Nature, 2004). The power plant is equipped with security elements that are easy to operate, this makes the process less complicated and do not require an expert to work on it. Temperature of the power plant would decrease automatically when overheated. Therefore, men have to take only basic action during emergency. The power plant is said to be breakdown-resistant. Professionals approve that the cost of power plant operation is lower than the old ones. With less dangerous waste and safe location, the new power plant can deter those against nuclear power.

Summary Exercise

3.       Kendall states that when sociologists are studying on the widening income gap between people in society, data collected by the World Bank and the United Nations on quality- of- life indicators are examined.

4.       Crystal argues that English is a global language not because of the number of people using it but the power they possess. Similarly, Latin was the global language due to its military and religious power.

Verbs that show demonstrate certainty

Reporting verbs

Allege, assert, claim, insist, reject, believe, imply, argue, postulate, find, propose, observe.

 5. Believe, comment, mention, note, observe, say, state, suggest, propose and find

Citation

Summary: Children conveived via assisted reproductive technology are more likely to be plagued with obesity, hypertension and Type 2 diabetes later in life

Author Moisse

Year: 2010

.

Reporting Information Practice

6.       Lester (1076) asserts that students should only make a limited amount of notes in direct quotation in order to help minimize the amount of quotes used.

Purdue Online Writing Lab (2013) states that the writer claims that while the first half of the year has been profitable, the next six months are not expected to be as lucrative

Shaun, Cindy